Shockley thought that the electrical fields set up by the current at these points of contact might be made to control the amount of current flowing through the semiconductor. Shockley and Brattain tried to understand why the semiconductors allowed current to flow at points of contact with certain other metals. The three decided to begin their investigations with germanium and silicon, two semiconductor solids that had been widely used during the war for signal detection. After the war, they were joined by John Bardeen, one of Bell Labs’ theoretical physicists. World War II interrupted their research, however, and it was not until late in 1945 that they were able to return to the problem. Brattain, another young Bell Labs physicist, who also had been working with semiconductors. (Semiconductors, such as germanium and silicon, have conduction properties intermediate between those of insulators, such as glass, and conductors, such as copper.) Shockley began exchanging ideas with Walter H. Shockley had been working on semiconductors Semiconductors Conductivity, electrical, which he thought might have the potential for amplifying electrical signals. Kelly approached a young physicist working at Bell Labs, William Shockley, with the problem of finding a cheap and efficient replacement for the vacuum tube. As a result, Bell Labs hired scientists and engineers explicitly to form a special interdisciplinary solid-state Solid-state electronics research team to develop a better technology. Because the tubes did not last very long, circuits that used a great many of them were costly to operate and maintain. These tubes had serious drawbacks: They were fragile, bulky, gave off too much heat, consumed too much electrical power, and failed frequently, disrupting service. Long-distance telephone transmission required huge numbers of vacuum tubes as amplifiers. Kelly, director of research at Bell Labs, had become concerned about the limitations of the vacuum tube. The invention of the three-element vacuum tube (triode) in 1906 by a young inventor, Lee de Forest, had permitted the amplification and reamplification of the voice signal with further improvements, the vacuum tube had made possible the first transcontinental telephone call between New York and San Francisco in 1915.īy 1936, Mervin J. The main problem in sending telephone messages over long distances was that the signal lost its strength as it traveled, so that the message became increasingly faint. Their primary corporate goal was the improvement and expansion of existing communications equipment.īefore the invention of the transistor, the expansion of the telephone Telecommunications telephony system had depended on the vacuum tube. The Bell laboratories were systematically organized into research sections, each concentrating on an aspect of the communications industry. The Bell Telephone Laboratories Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs), which produced the transistor, were first established in 1925 to serve the research and development interests of their co-owners, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Western Electric Company. Shockley, William De Forest, Lee Kelly, Mervin J. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor Bardeen, John Brattain, Walter H. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor Engineering Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor Science and technology Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor Communications and media Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor Inventions Dec. 23, 1947: Invention of the Transistor United States Dec. 23, 1947) Transistors invention Electronics North America Dec. 23, 1947) Transistor, Invention of the (Dec. Transistors invention Electronics Invention of the Transistor (Dec. The invention of the transistor was also one of the most significant productions of industrial scientific research laboratories, first established by the electrical and chemical industries to organize and direct the process of scientific research toward the needs of the sponsoring corporations. The invention of the transistor in December, 1947, revolutionized the fledgling electronics industry and paved the way for a postwar explosion in communications and computer technology. In addition to making telephone relaying technology more efficient, the device made possible a host of mass-marketed consumer electronics devices, from the transistor radio to the personal computer. The development of the transistor gave birth to a new era of solid-state electronics.
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